
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.05, sd = 13.43)}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.1, sd = 2.16)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                                & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity            & 0.940$^{***}$ & 0.932$^{***}$ & 0.949$^{***}$ & 0.945$^{***}$ & 0.072$^{***}$ & 0.070$^{***}$ & 0.070$^{***}$ & 0.055$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.160)       & (0.160)       & (0.164)       & (0.238)       & (0.022)       & (0.022)       & (0.022)       & (0.016)\\   
   Immigration                  &               & 0.565$^{**}$  & 0.585$^{**}$  & 0.165         &               & 0.115$^{*}$   & 0.118$^{*}$   & 0.088\\   
                                &               & (0.248)       & (0.255)       & (0.161)       &               & (0.058)       & (0.059)       & (0.074)\\   
   Population                   & 4.201$^{***}$ & 4.104$^{***}$ & 4.120$^{***}$ & 2.881$^{***}$ & 0.633$^{***}$ & 0.613$^{***}$ & 0.621$^{***}$ & 0.445$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.819)       & (0.742)       & (0.757)       & (0.370)       & (0.105)       & (0.100)       & (0.101)       & (0.081)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.487$^{***}$ & 0.471$^{***}$ & 0.479$^{***}$ & 0.500$^{***}$ & 0.036         & 0.033         & 0.032         & 0.048\\   
                                & (0.177)       & (0.174)       & (0.178)       & (0.140)       & (0.021)       & (0.021)       & (0.021)       & (0.033)\\   
   Immigration                  &               & 0.859$^{**}$  & 0.887$^{**}$  & 0.260         &               & 0.159$^{*}$   & 0.164$^{*}$   & 0.093\\   
                                &               & (0.395)       & (0.407)       & (0.165)       &               & (0.084)       & (0.086)       & (0.064)\\   
   Predicted population         & 3.542$^{***}$ & 3.529$^{***}$ & 3.543$^{***}$ & 0.796         & 0.477$^{***}$ & 0.474$^{***}$ & 0.481$^{***}$ & -0.137\\   
                                & (1.135)       & (1.022)       & (1.043)       & (0.586)       & (0.143)       & (0.134)       & (0.137)       & (0.345)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.169$^{***}$ & 1.148$^{***}$ & 1.166$^{***}$ & 1.089$^{***}$ & 0.102$^{***}$ & 0.098$^{***}$ & 0.098$^{***}$ & 0.086$^{*}$\\   
                                         & (0.222)       & (0.222)       & (0.227)       & (0.249)       & (0.030)       & (0.030)       & (0.030)       & (0.043)\\   
   Immigration                           &               & 0.597$^{**}$  & 0.619$^{**}$  & 0.198         &               & 0.124$^{*}$   & 0.128$^{*}$   & 0.102\\   
                                         &               & (0.274)       & (0.282)       & (0.190)       &               & (0.068)       & (0.070)       & (0.085)\\   
   Population                            & 3.588$^{***}$ & 3.580$^{***}$ & 3.593$^{***}$ & 1.235         & 0.486$^{***}$ & 0.484$^{***}$ & 0.491$^{***}$ & -0.189\\   
                                         & (0.684)       & (0.618)       & (0.633)       & (0.957)       & (0.091)       & (0.094)       & (0.096)       & (0.478)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 211; 40       & 209; 45       & 209; 44       & 170; 68       & 211; 40       & 209; 45       & 209; 44       & 170; 68\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.539$^{***}$     & 0.539$^{***}$     & 0.539$^{***}$     & 0.493$^{***}$     & -0.040$^{**}$ & -0.041$^{**}$ & -0.042$^{**}$ & -0.029$^{***}$ \\
                                & (0.041)           & (0.041)           & (0.041)           & (0.044)           & (0.016)       & (0.016)       & (0.016)       & (0.006)        \\
   Immigration                  &                   & 0.008             & 0.008             & 0.004             &               & 0.071         & 0.072         & 0.046$^{**}$   \\
                                &                   & (0.005)           & (0.006)           & (0.008)           &               & (0.046)       & (0.047)       & (0.021)        \\
   Predicted population         & 0.046             & 0.045             & 0.047             & -0.059            & 0.972$^{***}$ & 0.971$^{***}$ & 0.971$^{***}$ & 0.697$^{***}$  \\
                                & (0.032)           & (0.031)           & (0.031)           & (0.072)           & (0.154)       & (0.145)       & (0.147)       & (0.090)        \\
    \\
   County-Surname fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects   & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Surname-Period fixed effects &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends      &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                 & 17,046,771    & 17,046,771    & 17,046,771    & 17,046,771    & 17,046,771    & 17,046,771    & 17,046,771    & 17,046,771\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


